Testicular torsion is a painful twisting of the testicles and spermatic cord. Torsion causes blood to not flow to the testicles. This can damage them. Treatment needs to be done right away to prevent long-lasting (permanent) injury to the testicles.

Detailed information on controlling sodium in your child's diet.

Detailed information on genitourinary and kidney disorders in children

Detailed information on renal failure, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and diet

Kidney disease (renal failure) is short-term or permanent damage to the kidneys that results in loss of normal kidney function.

Hair loss is a common side effect of chemotherapy. Learn about chemotherapy-related hair loss including how you can help your child.

Detailed information on cancer in children

Hepatoblastoma is a very rare cancer. It’s a tumor that starts in the liver. The cancer cells are similar to fetal liver cells. It usually affects children less than 3 to 4 years of age.

Posterior urethral valves are a problem with the urethra in a boy. The valves partly block urine flow because not enough urine can get through them to leave the body. This can harm the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys.

The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage at the base of the tongue at the very back of the throat. When the epiglottis becomes swollen and inflamed, it is called epiglottitis.